Comparison of Pedestrian Data of Single File Movement Collected from Controlled Pedestrian Experiment and from Field in Mass Religious Gathering

Siddhartha Gulhare; Ashish Verma; Partha Chakroborty

doi:10.17815/CD.2018.16

Authors

Siddhartha Gulhare Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-5717
Ashish Verma Department of Civil Engineering and Robert Bosch Centre for Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
Partha Chakroborty Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17815/CD.2018.16

Keywords:

single file movement, mass religious gathering, controlled pedestrian experiments

Abstract

Managing and controlling crowd during mass religious gathering is a challenge for organizers. With good computational capabilities, it is possible to create tools to simulate crowd in real time to aid crowd management. These tools need to be first calibrated and validated with pedestrian empirical data. The empirical data collection from field is difficult and therefore, data collection through controlled pedestrian experiments have become a convenient substitute. However, the ability of experiment data to reproduce actual crowd behavior needs to be examined. This study compared the experiment data with field data collected from mass religious gathering named Kumbh Mela held in India, 2016. The single file movement (pedestrians moving along a single line; SFM) experiment was conducted and its results were compared with the field SFM results. The speed in the field was found to be generally higher than in the experiment for a given density. The results clearly indicate that the pedestrians in the field are motivated to achieve a purpose but participants in the experiments lack the motivation. The pedestrian dynamics of the experiment was found to be different from the field. Hence, the results of pedestrian experiments should not be extrapolated to understand panic, crowd risk situations.

Author Biographies

Siddhartha Gulhare, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Project Associate Department of Civil Engineering

Ashish Verma, Department of Civil Engineering and Robert Bosch Centre for Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Associate Professor Transportation Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

Partha Chakroborty, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Professor Transportation Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

References

Shi, X., Ye, Z., Shiwakoti, N., Li, Z.: A Review of Experimental Studies on Complex Pedestrian Movement Behaviors, pp. 1081-1096. Proc. of 15th COTA Int. Conf. of Transp. (2015). doi:10.1061/9780784479292.101

Henderson, L.F.: The statistics of crowd fluids. Nature 229(5284), 381-383 (1971)

Helbing, D.: A fluid dynamic model for the movement of pedestrians. Complex Systems 6, 391-415 (1992)

Helbing, D., Molnár, P.: Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Phys. Rev. E 51, 4282-4286 (1995). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.51.4282

Blue, V., Adler, J.: Cellular automata microsimulation of bidirectional pedestrian flows. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1678, 135-141 (1999). doi:10.3141/1678-17

Okazaki, S., Matsushita, S.: A study of simulation model for pedestrian movement with evacuation and queuing. In: Smith, R.A., Dickie, J.F. (eds.) International Conference on Engineering for Crowd Safety, pp. 271-280 (1993)

AlGadhi, S.A.H., Mahmassani, H.S.: Simulation of crowd behavior and movement: Fundamental relations and application. Transp. Res. Rec. 1320, 260-268 (1991)

Daamen, W., Hoogendoorn, S.: Experimental research of pedestrian walking behavior. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1828, 20-30 (2003). doi:10.3141/1828-03

Duives, D., Daamen, W., Hoogendoorn, S.: Anticipation behavior upstream of a bottleneck. Transportation Research Procedia 2, 43-50 (2014). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.007. The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22-24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands

Hoogendoorn, S.P., Daamen, W.: Pedestrian behavior at bottlenecks. Transportation Science 39(2), 147-159 (2005). doi:10.1287/trsc.1040.0102

Kretz, T., Grünebohm, A., Schreckenberg, M.: Experimental study of pedestrian flow through a bottleneck. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2006(10), P10014 (2006)

Seyfried, A., Steffen, B., Winkens, A., Rupprecht, T., Boltes, M., Klingsch, W.: Empirical data for pedestrian flow through bottlenecks. In: Appert-Rolland, C., Chevoir, F., Gondret, P., Lassarre, S., Lebacque, J.P., Schreckenberg, M. (eds.) Traffic and Granular Flow '07, pp. 189-199. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009)

Seyfried, A., Boltes, M., Kähler, J., Klingsch, W., Portz, A., Rupprecht, T., Schadschneider, A., Steffen, B., Winkens, A.: Enhanced empirical data for the fundamental diagram and the flow through bottlenecks. In: Klingsch, W.W.F., Rogsch, C., Schadschneider, A., Schreckenberg, M. (eds.) Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2008, pp. 145-156. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg (2010)

Seyfried, A., Passon, O., Steffen, B., Boltes, M., Rupprecht, T., Klingsch, W.: New insights into pedestrian flow through bottlenecks. Transportation Science 43(3), 395-406 (2009). doi:10.1287/trsc.1090.0263

Cao, S., Zhang, J., Salden, D., Ma, J., Shi, C., Zhang, R.: Pedestrian dynamics in single-file movement of crowd with different age compositions. Phys. Rev. E 94, 012312 (2016). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.94.012312

Fang, J., Qin, Z., Hu, H., Xu, Z., Li, H.: The fundamental diagram of pedestrian model with slow reaction. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 391(23), 6112-6120 (2012). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2012.07.005

Fang, Z.M., Song, W.G., Liu, X., Lv, W., Ma, J., Xiao, X.: A continuous distance model (CDM) for the single-file pedestrian movement considering step frequency and length. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 391(1), 307-316 (2012). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2011.08.009

Jelić, A., Appert-Rolland, C., Lemercier, S., Pettré, J.: Properties of pedestrians walking in line: Fundamental diagrams. Phys. Rev. E 85, 036111 (2012). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.85.036111

Seyfried, A., Steffen, B., Klingsch, W., Boltes, M.: The fundamental diagram of pedestrian movement revisited. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2005(10), P10002 (2005)

Chattaraj, U., Seyfried, A., Chakroborty, P.: Comparison of pedestrian fundamental diagram across cultures. Advances in Complex Systems 12(03), 393-405 (2009). doi:10.1142/S0219525909002209

Liu, X., Song, W., Zhang, J.: Extraction and Quantitative analysis of Microscopic Evacuation Characteristics based on Digital Image Processing. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 388(13), 2717-2726 (2009). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2009.03.017

Isobe, M., Helbing, D., Nagatani, T.: Experiment, theory, and simulation of the evacuation of a room without visibility. Phys. Rev. E 69, 066132 (2004). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066132

Schadschneider, A., Seyfried, A.: Validation of CA models of pedestrian dynamics with fundamental diagrams. Cybernetics and Systems 40(5), 367-389 (2009). doi:10.1080/01969720902922400

Zhang, J., Song, W., Xu, X.: Experiment and multi-grid modeling of evacuation from a classroom. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 387(23), 5901-5909 (2008). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2008.06.030

Isobe, M., Adachi, T., Nagatani, T.: Experiment and simulation of pedestrian counter flow. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 336(3), 638-650 (2004). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2004.01.043

Koshi, M., Iwasaki, M., Ohkura, I.: Some findings and an overview on vehicular flow characteristics. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Transportation, pp. 403-426 (1983)

Muir, H.C., Bottomley, D.M., Marrison, C.: Effects of motivation and cabin configuration on emergency aircraft evacuation behavior and rates of egress. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 6(1), 57-77 (1996). doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0601_4

Mintz, A.: Non-adaptive group behavior. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46(2), 150-159 (1951)

Daamen, W., Hoogendoorn, S.: Capacity of doors during evacuation conditions. Procedia Engineering 3, 53-66 (2010). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.07.007. First International Conference on Evacuation Modeling and Management

Tian, W., Song, W., Ma, J., Fang, Z., Seyfried, A., Liddle, J.: Experimental study of pedestrian behaviors in a corridor based on digital image processing. Fire Safety Journal 47, 8-15 (2012). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.09.005

Zhang, J., Mehner, W., Andresen, E., Holl, S., Boltes, M., Schadschneider, A., Seyfried, A.: Comparative analysis of pedestrian, bicycle and car traffic moving in circuits. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 104, 1130-1138 (2013). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.209. 2nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (2nd CTRG)